Sigmund Freud A Non Reductive Materialist - 1152 Words

Sigmund Freud is a non-reductive materialist who suggests that conception of a mind is divided between its multiple agencies, the id, ego, and superego. According to Freud, psychological life is an energy system, which has several levels. Hence, energy is experienced as either pleasure or un-pleasure in human behavior. Freud argues that the primary energy source of the mind occurs in the body as instinctive drives, also called as libidinal. These instinctual drives are also known as sexual instincts, which are in a technical sense refers to primary bodily processes, or basic needs of human species. However, there are parental, social interferences, and social norms, which act as repression of instinctual drives. According to Freud, the id is unconscious, made up of instinctive drives or libidinal, subject to social interferences and driven by the pleasure principle. Therefore, id is fully and permanently unconscious. The ego is on the other hand, governed by reality principle where we adopt to our environment, natural and cultural world. It is sort of a defense mechanism that stores in unconscious state. The superego is again largely unconscious; it is a source of guilt or it is best described as conscience, acts as a moralizer, and constantly evolves with culture and community. Freud’s unconscious and conscious systems are related to different functions of the three main structures of the mind, the id, the ego, and the superego. According to Freud, the traditional idea of

The Key Issues Of Partnership - 2935 Words

In this essay I will be discussing what is partnership, what the key issues are and the relevance of the key issues relating to partnership,I will underpin knowledge and relevant theories and frameworks that enable us to understand the key issues in partnership, I will explain the relevant values and principles which underpin partnership, discuss the relevance of a recognised theory or philosophical approach that contributes to partnership, I shall analyse the provision of equality, diversity and inclusive practise can be ensured in relation to partnership, evaluate the evidence I collect which support the beliefs that the key issues identified are relevant to working with children and young people, the impact of the recognised theory or philosophical approach on practice in the areas of work covered by partnership and I will then conclude by reflecting on and explaining the professional skills required to practice effectively in the areas of work covered by partnership D1-D2 The key issues and the relevance of the key issues that apply to partnership: â€Å"A partnership is an arrangement between two or more groups, organizations or individuals to work together to achieve common aims.† In the quote above it explains what a partnership is and what it consists of; it clarifies what we need to build a relationship and what we aim to achieve at the end of a positive partnership. There are many different people we work in partnerships with such as parents, practitioners,Show MoreRelatedWorking in Partnership in Social Care1087 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 505 Working in partnership in Health and Social care or children and young people’s settings Outcome 1 1.1 Identify the features of effective partnership working A partnership is an arrangement between two or more groups, organizations or individuals who work together to achieve common aims or who have common interests. It is sometimes applied to situations where one powerful organization is doing no more than consulting with others, or where one organization is simply buying somethingRead MoreSupplier Quality And Supply Chain Management Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships through long-term partnerships rather than as adversaries, and establishing trust through openness and honesty. This leads to mutual advantages for both the organization and supplier. Supplier certification processes are designed to rate and certify suppliers who provide quality materials in a cost-effective and timely manner. What are the advantages for the company and the supplier to be considered a certified quality supplier? What are the key issues that must be addressed in aRead MoreWork in Partnership988 Words   |  4 PagesUnit M2c Working in partnership in health and social care or children and young people’s settings 1. Understand partnership working 2.1 Identify the features of effective partnership working. One key motivation for working in partnership is to achieve more than could possibly be achieved by any stand-alone organisation – the whole being greater than the sum of the parts. Characteristics of successful partnerships: * Fill knowledge and skills gap-learning and innovationRead MoreRoll Royce Case Study Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 2 2013 Rolls Royce Corporation Case Study 2.1 In this case I believe the key to solving Rolls Royce’s issue boils down to stakeholder management. Identifying the stakeholders along with their levels of interest and power allowance will definitely help them begin to get organized to move forward with resolving any concerns within the connected parties. Based on the fact that they have been in business for over 120 years, I believe Rolls Royce has stood the test of time. At this point IRead MoreEssay about Evolution of Community and Public Health Nursing1093 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Community and Public Health Nursing Event or Influence: 2001 No Child Left Behind Act Key health issues This law was signed into law by George W. Bush on January 8, 2002 (Frontline, 2013). This law is a check point or educational average that measures improvement or decline in student ability through grades 3-8 annually in math and reading (Frontline, 2013). The key issue is children need to be as healthy as possible to perform to the best of his or her ability in school. Perspective/goals Read MoreThe Transition Of A Child Attending A Day Nursery For The First Time1723 Words   |  7 Pages2013, DA 14.09.15) The key issues surrounding this type of transition are planning, preparation and having a strong partnership with parents. However, throughout this piece of work I will also include links to John Bowlby s attachment theory and Elinor Goldschmied s adaption of this theory, with the emphasis on key workers. I will also include the importance of involving children in the transitional period and using the correct settling in procedures. 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Recognizing this fact is the key to overcoming the obstacles of cultural differences and to successfully integrating all levels of the corporate world. Ann Hopkins had been with Price Waterhouse s Office of Government Services in Washington, D.C., for five years when the partners in her office proposedRead MoreThe Core Competencies Of Public Health Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the core competencies of public health is partnership and collaboration, and over the years, the need for collaborative partnerships between primary care and public health has grown substantially. Studies have shown that collaborative partnerships between primary care and public health working together towards a common goal, is essential for improving health quality (Valaitis, 2012). Bramalea Community Health Centre (BCHC) is a non-profit organization located at 40 Finchgate Boulevard (SuiteRead MoreSkywest Executive Summary1145 Words   |  5 Pagesflights operated by regional carriers are in partnership with the major carriers. SkyWest has partnerships with Delta, United, and Midwest Airlines. SkyWest’s growth and strategic planning has relied on the expansion of current partnerships and geographic growth. SkyWest operated as a west coast regional carrier but expanded to the east coast with the acquisition of Atlantic Southeast Airlines in 2005 and a partnership with Midwest Airlines. This partnership and acquisition essentially gave SkyWest

Capella unit Free Essays

In The Workplace In many business’s today important vital customer information is stored within a company’s database, easily accessed by employees with the right verification. The vulnerability of sensitive information is at an alarming risk. Most company’s password policies are vague only asking for a one step verification, which entails either the employee’s date of birth, or the last four digits of their social security number. We will write a custom essay sample on Capella unit or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have vast experience working in hotels, and the one common thing I have personally found Is that the password authentication process can easily be manipulated. As years of working In the hotel business I have had access to customers’ credit card numbers, addresses, phone numbers, as well as email addresses. I have personally seen the ease of accessing another person’s password. Hypothetically In the hotel business If a customer or any other unauthorized person or persons were able to access the hotel computers, It wouldn’t be too difficult to hack one of the employees’ passwords and gain access to the customer files containing all of their information. It is my personal pinion that every company big or small should have a complex password authentication system in place to protect the very customers that keep them afloat. We see it not quite daily but do see it often in the news where business’s get hacked into and hundreds of thousands of people are affected. Most of the time these â€Å"hacks† would have been easily avoided had the company put in place a more complex password authentication system. In closing I hope to one day develop a hack proof password system, to protect not only consumers, but corporate database, as well as their integrity. How to cite Capella unit, Papers

Audit Assurance and Compliances Services - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Audit Assurance and Compliances Services. Answer: Introduction: At the time of carrying on the audit operation of the organizations, it is the duty of the auditors to follow the generally accepted standards of auditing. As per the guidelines of auditors independence, the independent internal along with the external auditors of the companies should be independent from any kinds of financial interest from the financial properties of the audit clients. In the process of auditors independence, there most important aspects are honesty, objectivity and integrity of the auditors (Reding et al. 2013). As per different kinds of auditing standards and principles, it is expected that any kinds of relationship between the auditors and the audited organization should not influence the audit opinion of the companies. It is required that based on the analysis of the financial statements of the companies, the auditors will deliver an unbiased as well as honest professional audit opinion. In the first situation: Two types of services are there in the audit profession. They are Audit services and the Non-Audit services. The auditors provide non-audit services by going out of scope. Some of the major non-audit services in the audit profession are to help the audit clients I the promotion of the businesses, to provide tax consolation, to provide various kinds of management services and many others (Svanstrm 2013). The basic objective behind the providence of these kinds of non-audit services is to earn some additional incomes or to get some non-monetary advantages. The impairment of audit services is a major result of rendering various kinds of non-audit services to the audit clients. Thus, it can be understood that the auditors must taken into consideration the effects of non-audit services. The major stakeholders of the businesses and the accounting regulators often find to criticize the auditors regarding the quality of the audit opinions. In this regard, advocacy thr eat is another major threat in the audit profession that also needs to be taken into consideration. The advocacy threat arises when people raise questions about the quality of audit opinion as they feel that the quality of audit operation is being compromised. One of the major damages of advocacy threat is the compromise of honesty and integrity in the process of auditing and the auditors independence is damaged. In the Second situation: In the provided situation, it is essential to mention that the auditors independence gets threatened when an individual auditors takes any kinds of financial or non-financial benefits from the audit clients as these kinds of benefit are not considered as audit fees. When an auditor receives any kinds of financial or non-financial benefits from the audit clients that is not mentioned in the audit agreement, at that time the auditors independence gets affected badly (Christensen, Glover and Wood 2012). As per the provided case study, the auditor was offered a voucher of holiday package from the clients end. The auditors independence will be highly affected if the auditor accepts the particular offer. The reason is that the auditor will receive non-monetary benefits from the client. Furthermore, the threat to auditors independence will be increasing if the auditor keeps receiving these kinds of non-monetary or monetary benefits from the clients. In the Third Situation: Spouse, children, parents, siblings and other family members can be considered as the family members of the auditors. According to one of the guidelines of auditors independence, the auditor must not have any relatives in the audit firm in which the auditors are working (Arens, Elder and Mark 2012). On the other hand, there are various kinds of financial interests; they are debt guarantee, short-term securities, long-term securities, shares, dividends and many others. As per the information of the provided case study, the father of the accountants is in the post of financial controller in the mentioned organization. As per the principles of auditors independence, Michael should not accept the offer as it is against the standards and principles of auditors independence. In the Fourth Situation: As per the current situation, a close relationship can be seen among the employees, clients, officers and directors of the organization. They all are influenced by the risk factor of the organization and these risk factors align them with the business environment. One of the major blames on the auditors is that they become associated and sympathetic with the clients (William Jr, Glover and Prawitt 2016). The close relationship with the clients creates a bonding of trust with the clients and this process helps to represent the data in the accurate way. In addition, there are instances where the auditors have already acquired the necessary information as the auditor in the case study has been a part of LTH. The auditor was responsible for the continuation of the tax calculation for the year ended 30 June 2015. Hence, the auditors cannot audit their own work, as it is not feasible. Some major safeguards are there in relation to auditors independence. They are discussed as below: One of the major ways to reduce the threat of auditors independence is the rotation of the audit partners of the organizations. The rotation of audit partners for the organizations eradicates the threat of knowledge of information and the process of self-centeredness. No cost is associated in this process. Apart from this, institutional as well as historical knowledge will be available to the audit team members so that they can maintain efficiency and high quality of the audit programs (Council 2012). The presence of an efficient audit committee cannot be ignored in the process of maintaining the transparency in the process of auditing. The presence of transparency ensures that the independence of the auditors can be maintained in the most appropriate manner. In this regard, audit team must be well qualified and they must have all the required audit resources to complete the audit operation in the proper way (Dart and Chandler 2013). The main aim of an independent auditor is to contribute towards the maintenance of audit quality and independence of the auditors at the same time. In this regard, one of the major characteristics of efficient auditors is efficient oversight that helps him/her to consider auditors independence from political as well as professional point of view. The maintained transparency in the audit process will ensure the true and fair representation of confidential business data and information (Willoughby, Carmona and Momparler 2012). At the time of conducting the audit operations, the auditors must follow the ethical standards and guidelines of Code of Ethics and Auditing Standards. In this regard, the international set of ethical standards and high quality independence are important aspects in the process of accounting (Hossain 2013). Involved Risks with Spare Parts Industry: In this part of the provided case study, risk management is explained in such a way that it is a major element in order to manage the spare parts of the organizations. However, in most of the cases, it has been seen that the execution process of stock management is very poor. As per the business point of view, there are two elements of risk management; they are analysis of the risk and making strategies to reduce those risks as far as possible. Some of the major risks in the business organizations include commercial risk, reputation risk, health and safety risks and many others. Downtime loss takes the business organizations to financial losses as the organizations fails to math with the recent technological changes and fails to implement risk management strategies for the spare parts. Two types of business risks can be seen that are associated with the purchase of spare parts and the process of auditing; they are Strategic Risk and Operation al Risks (Sodhi and Tang 2012). Strategic risk does not have connection to the trade approaches of the organization; it also does not have any link with the selection of wrong or right products for the business of the organization. Strategic risks have connection with the process of inventory management as it helps to manage the spare parts of the organization in the most appropriate and efficient way. In the process of selecting the wrong and right products, the business organizations use to adopt the strategy of ad-hoc. In this process, the organizations use to appoint experienced managers who will provide their valuable judgment on the issues of daily procedures (Knechel and Salterio 2016). In order to bring standardization in the financial management activities, it is necessary for the companies to select certain aspects. In this regard, the business organizations need to focus on investment financing in order to avoid the various kinds of financial losses in the management of spare parts. In this process of ri sk management, the organizational managers need to apply their downtime experiences. Apart from this, they also need to apply the experience of losses in order to management of risks in relation to spare parts. After this process, it is needed for the business organizations to adopt the ad-hoc strategy that will be appropriate in nature in the provided situation. In case the business organizations fail to implement the strategies of ad-hoc, it is needed for those business organizations to find other alternative strategies for the management of spare parts. After that, the alternative ways need to be evaluated to mitigate or avoid the various kinds of losses (Chen, Sohal and Prajogo 2013). The main association of the operational risk is the operational downtown of the business organizations. In addition, the operational risk has also link with the selection of various approaches and their level of execution. Business organizations that fail to execute in the effective ways need to develop the strategies of strategic management. At the time of making the decision about business standardization, the business organizations need to take the policy of stocking and they need to take the steps to implement them. It is the responsibility of the business organizations to manage the various aspects of operational risk in the businesses. This process assists in the proper management of the inventory stocks of the organization (DeFond and Zhang 2014). The Impact of Audit Risks on Account Balances: In this particular section of the provided case study, the associated is considered as the inherent risks. In addition, the major reason of the occurrence of inherent risks is the errors or omission of data and information in the annual statements of the business organizations due to the failure in the internal control of the organizations. There are various instances when the inherent risks take place such as when the nature of financial transactions is complex and when the managers fail to deliver correct judgment on the financial projections. Various kinds of risks affect the different account balances of the organizations. In this regard, some transactions are highly associated with inherent risks like the management of stocks. Hence, it largely affects the balances of various accounts (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). Various kinds of associated risks can be seen in the business organizations; two of them are Operational Risks and Detection Risks. In addition, it is not always possible for the auditors to detect the misstated financial figures that are associated with the annual statements of the organization. In case the auditors fail to detect the misstated figures in the financial statements, the business organizations use to organize substantive test procedures for various kinds of future practices. In this time, the process of inherent tests helps the auditors to conclude that there are not any significant errors found at the time of the development of financial reports of the business organizations. Moreover, in this process, the auditors of the organization assess the accountants of the organization. Hence, one aspect comes to the front from the above analysis that most of the accounts of the business organizations are susceptible in the nature. On the other hand, it has connection with the purchase account, revenue account and sales account and inventory account of the organization (Wang et al. 2013). References Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Mark, B., 2012.Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Boston: Prentice Hall. Chen, J., Sohal, A.S. and Prajogo, D.I., 2013. Supply chain operational risk mitigation: a collaborative approach.International Journal of Production Research,51(7), pp.2186-2199. Christensen, B.E., Glover, S.M. and Wood, D.A., 2012. Extreme estimation uncertainty in fair value estimates: Implications for audit assurance.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), pp.127-146. Council, F.R., 2012. Guidance on audit committees.London: FRC. Available at: https://www. frc. org. uk/getattachment/6ec23196-28ee-406e-8f56-89ab9d1dc06d/Guidance-on-Audit-Committees-September-2012. aspx. Dart, E. and Chandler, R., 2013. Client employment of previous auditors: shareholders views on auditor independence.Accounting and Business Research,43(3), pp.205-224. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Hossain, S., 2013. Effect of regulatory changes on auditor independence and audit quality.International Journal of Auditing,17(3), pp.246-264. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. Maroun, W. and Atkins, J., 2014. Section 45 of the Auditing Profession Act: Blowing the whistle for audit quality?.The British Accounting Review,46(3), pp.248-263. Reding, K.R., Sobel, P.J., Anderson, U.L., Head, M.J., Ramamoorti, S., Salamasick, M. and Riddle, C., 2013.Internal Auditing: Assurance Advisory Services. Sodhi, M.S. and Tang, C.S., 2012. Strategic approaches for mitigating supply chain risks.Managing Supply Chain Risk, pp.95-108. Svanstrm, T., 2013. Non-audit services and audit quality: evidence from private firms.European Accounting Review,22(2), pp.337-366. Wang, C., Chow, S.S., Wang, Q., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage.IEEE transactions on computers,62(2), pp.362-375. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education Willoughby, M., Carmona, P. and Momparler, A., 2012. The effects of the provision of consulting services on audit reporting quality.The Service Industries Journal,32(3), pp.411-429. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.

Characters and Plot of The Maze Runner Essay Example

Characters and Plot of The Maze Runner Essay The characters in the story face an external conflict, is a mysterious maze, that has trapped them into a small area of land. The characters live on an area of land called a Gade surrounded by huge walls. The walls create an opening every morning and close at night time, the opening exposes an ever-changing maze that is filled with huge mechanical spiders called Grievers. The people living on the Glade, gladers, have no memory besides their own names. The gladers believe the only way out of the maze is by solving the maze. However, no one has ever survived a night in the maze. The exposition of the novel is when the main character, Thomas, is brought into the Glade. The glade is an area of land surrounded by large walls, the glade is filled with other people who were mysteriously brought there. Each person has no memory what so ever besides knowing their own names. The people living on the land are all teenage boys who call themselves gladers. The Rising action begins when a girl is brought to the glade, a girl has never been put into the glade before. The woman arrives with a note saying she is the last one ever, meaning she will be the last one to enter the glade and the people already there will die off. After the girl arrives unusual events begin to take place in the civilization that usually doesnt happen. The walls begin to be left open and mechanical spiders, grievers, pour into the Glade causing havok into the Glade each night. The climax begins when the gladers begin to try to solve the maze. A large group of the gladers pour into the maze and ev entually fight their way through the maze. The falling action of the novel begins when the gladers fight their way through the griever hole and go down a tunnel after they enter a code that shuts down the grievers. Shortly after the resolution begins when a group of rescuers pour in and save the gladers. The novel ends with the surviving gladers being helicoptered into a post-apocalyp We will write a custom essay sample on Characters and Plot of The Maze Runner specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Characters and Plot of The Maze Runner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Characters and Plot of The Maze Runner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Matthew B. Brady essays

Matthew B. Brady essays Mathew B. Brady: Civil War Photographer Mathew B. Brady: Civil War Photographer was written by Elizabeth Van Steenwyk. Elizabeth Van Steenwyk has written many good books for young people including: Saddlebag Salesmen, The California Missions, Frederic Remington, The California Gold Rush: West with the Forty-Niners, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Woman of Courage. Elizabeth now lives in San Marino, California with her husband. Mathew B. Brady was born somewhere between 1823 and 1824. His early life is somewhat a mystery. He was born in Warren County in New York and his parents might have been Irish immigrants. His middle name was even a mystery, when asked what the B stood for he said that he inserted it because it seemed more distinguished. When he turned 16 he met William Page, a man wanting to become an artist. The both of them worked together, and Pages artistic abilities were most likely Bradys starting interest in becoming a photographer. In 1839 or 1840 Brady and Page moved to New York City. Meanwhile, a French inventor named Louis-Jacques-Mand Daguerre was inventing something that would change Bradys life. In 1839 Daguerre invented his camera. Samuel F. B. Morse went over to France to check out Daguerres camera. He wrote back to a magazine saying that it was perhaps the greatest invention in this age. When Samuel Morse returned to New York City and started a school for learning how to use the camera. Brady, very interested in the camera, signed up for lessons. Several years later Brady graduated and started his own little photography business on Broadway. In 1844 Brady won first place in the first photographic contest in America. Winning the contest also won Brady a lot of clients. He became very popular in New York. He took pictures of twenty-five famous people and therefore published The Gallery of Illustrious Americans. He opened an ...

Mircroeconomics ( AT&T and T-mobile merger) Essay

Mircroeconomics ( AT&T and T-mobile merger) - Essay Example On the other hand, this implies a reduction in congestion and therefore a possibility of better signal quality and service for the customer base. AT&T consumer's who have been suffering worsened quality because of the heavy data-demands of the iPhones launched in 2007, may expect better quality service because the integrated network will have a substantially better carrying capacity. Service quality is thus likely to improve for iPhone users as well. Rivals, given such improvements are likely to push forward on the same dimensions and improvements in overall signal quality and service provision could be expected. The major groups concerned with the merger, apart from the company owners and employees are the customers, the rivals and the providers in the supply chain for these companies and their rivals as well. In the present paper, we examine what are the expected effects of this merger on related groups of consumers, competitors, and last but not the least, the suppliers. The rest of the essay is organized as follows: in the next section we look at the expected impact on consumers, particularly in terms of prices, signal quality and coverage. ... ven the small number of competitors present in the market and the observed strategic interdependence between them, we are looking at an oligopoly market. Collusion between rivals in such a market has substantial impacts on the characteristics of the market. On one hand such collusion leads to a reduction in the number of firms and thus the market deviates away from competition even more. Therefore, this increasing distance of the market from a perfectly competitive market implies a number of welfare reducing aspects. First and foremost, a fewer number of firms implies an increased market power and thus greater control over prices. Prices are likely to increase and so that will lead to a fall in consumers' surplus. There are reductions in productive and distributive efficiency as well (Varian, 1992). However, there are certain benefits that accrue to enhancement of welfare as well. For instance, the excess capacity that causes productive inefficiency also implies resources that can be utilized for innovations. Particularly, as pointed out by Schumpeter (cited in Solow, 2007), there cannot be privately motivated innovations or R&D activities unless industries earn positive profits. Therefore, for overall economic growth and progress, some degree of market power is crucial. Additionally, the enhancement of capacities is likely to yield scale benefits and increased efficiency as well. This allows merged firms to reduce prices without reducing profitability. In the present context therefore, the proposed merger has twin effects on the customers. Before the merger, AT&T's network is highly congested and customer's complain regularly about poor signal quality. The merger is likely to solve these problems since T-mobile's network is not nearly as congested and the total number

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT - Assignment Example Treatment of recessionary gap in new classical approach: According to the new Classical approach, economists focus on the unemployment situation, which affects the economy owing to the continuous decline in the real output of the economy. In a recessionary gap situation, supply of resources in the labor market tends to increase substantially. Consequently, the wage rate declines to maintain the equilibrium position of the economy’s resources. Hence, this result in lowering wages and prices with a shift in short run Aggregate Supply (AS) curve causing recessionary gap. Accordingly, the new classical theory suggests that the economy is self-regulatory, and can achieve equilibrium i.e. stability, full employment without government interference and can eliminate the gap in a â€Å"self-corrective mechanism† (Pearson Education, â€Å"Keynes and the Classical Economists: The Early Debate on Policy Activism†). Exhibit 1: Recessionary Gap AS movements as per the new clas sical theory (Jain, Jain, Ohri, Majhi and Ohri 193) Treatment of recessionary gap in Keynesian approach: In contrast to the new classical theory, the Keynesian theory asserts that recessionary gap is the shift in Aggregate Demand (AD) due to low spending in an economy. Economists following the Keynesian approach suggest that the gap can be eliminated by spending more, that is by increase flow of money and capital resources within the economy, which will move the AD curve upwards (Pearson Education, â€Å"Keynes and the Classical Economists: The Early Debate on Policy Activism.†). Exhibit 2: Recessionary Gap AS movements as per the new classical theory (Jain, Jain, Ohri, Majhi and Ohri 193) The main difference between the new classical and the Keynesian theory persist in respect to their assumptions, which are directly associated with the AS-AD curve movements. As can be observed from the above discussion, the new classical theory assumes that with the increase in the unemploy ment rate, which indicates a fall in the demand for labors in the economy, the wage will also shrink, causing the AS curve shift downwards. However, because the economy is assumed to function in a â€Å"self-corrective manner†, it is likely that the fall in the wage rate will increase the demand for the labors and thus fortify the situation to the equilibrium position. Contradictorily, the Keynesian economists shall assume that in a recessional gap situation, if the demand for employment falls, it shall have no effect on the price and also on the supply (in the short run). It is under such circumstance that the government needs to intervene and increase demand for the resource to the equilibrium position (Baumol and Blinder 206-208). QUESTION 2 Two events supporting Classical theory: In the modern era, many economies practice the classical theory of microeconomics. Among these, China has been a significant illustration. China operates with minimum government intervention for better economic stability. For example, at the time of World War 2, China had to witness a steep fall in its employment rate, which had resulted in the downward shift of the wage rate and the AS curve. The reason was likewise assumed to be the failure of the economic drivers to use the resources efficiently, as per the classical the

Explain the main determinants of exchange rate behavior in the long Essay

Explain the main determinants of exchange rate behavior in the long run and in the short run. In the context of your analysis di - Essay Example The speculation concept in this market has made it hard for achievement of stability. Gains and losses can be made in the same breath in this market. This presents a challenge in both the macro and micro economics world. The factors that influence this behaviour in the foreign exchange market has been a topic of concern to many scholars and economists the world over. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the main determinants of exchange rate behaviour both in the short-run and long-run by illuminating a number of theories and explain why exchange rates tend to be volatile and notoriously hard to predict. To better understand the exchange rates, the paper will first discuss the foreign exchange market and then it will look at the exchange rate regimes. The The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the asset market approach through the Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIRP) will also be analyzed here.   Overview of the Foreign Exchange Market As the name suggests, a foreign exchange marke t is a market where currencies are traded. Foreign exchange market is also known as forex market. In this market, money is traded for other money. This is the basic definition of the foreign exchange market but in broader terms, the foreign exchange market is not restricted to the exchange of currencies. ... Gains are made in the same breath as losses in this market. This is so because the price of the currency in the market is determined by forces of demand and supply (Carbaugh, 2011). The financial market like goods market obeys the laws of demand and supply; the demand for currency varies inversely with price (Williamson, 2009). If demand for a currency increases its price increases (appreciates) making it unattractive in the market. Buyers thus switch to buying products where value of currency is low leading to depreciation of the currency until equilibrium is reached. For example, in a market involving dollars and pounds whereby the dollar is the domestic currency and the pound is the foreign currency, an increase in demand for foreign currency (pound) results in depreciation of the domestic currency (dollar) while an increase in supply of foreign currency leads to appreciation of the dollar until equilibrium is reached (Sercu and Uppal, 1995). The demand and supply concept As shown in figure 1, Do represents the demand curve for pounds while So represents the supply curve. Equilibrium exchange rate is obtained at the point where demand curve intersects with supply curve (point E). At this point, the exchange rate of dollars per pound is stable hence the market is efficient (Carbaugh, 2011 p. 399). The demand curve in this case represents the desire of the Americans to purchase British goods, services and assets and by observing the law of demand; the US demand for pound varies inversely with price. If price increases, the demand for pounds decreases and if price decreases the demand for pound increases. This means that if the dollar price of pound increases, exports from

The Environmental Effects Of Drought Environmental Sciences Essay

The Environmental Effects Of Drought Environmental Sciences Essay Drought is a normal part of climatic conditions; extreme climatic events, often described as a natural hazard (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). Drought has long been recognized as one of the most dangerous causes of human misery. It has today the unfortunate distinction of being the natural disaster that annually claims the most victims. Its ability to cause widespread misery is actually increasing day by day. Drought differs from other natural disasters in its slowness of onset and its commonly lengthy duration. The severity of the drought depends upon its duration, the degree of moisture deficiency, and the size of the affected area. Drought is a hazard that requires many months to emerge and that may persist for many months or years thereafter. This type of hazard is known as a creeping hazard (Coppola, 2007). It is difficult to provide a precise and universally accepted definition of drought due to its varying characteristics, impacts, across the different regions of the world, such as rainfall pattern, human response and resilience and diverse academic perspectives (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). In general, drought is an insidious natural hazard that results from a departure of precipitation from expected or normal that, when extended over a season or longer period of time, is insufficient to meet the demands of human, plant and animal activities ( A Primer for parliamentarians, NDMD). In the literature, drought has been classified into four categories in terms of impact: Meteorological Drought Meteorological drought is defined as the deficiency of precipitation from expected or normal levels over an extended period of time. Meteorological drought usually precedes other kinds of drought. Meteorological drought is said to occur when the seasonal rainfall received over an area is less than 25% of its long term average value. Its further classified as a moderate drought if the rainfall deficit is 26-50% and severe drought when the deficit exceeds 50% of the normal. The following examples of meteorologic droughts from different countries at different times show why it is a poor idea to apply a definition of drought developed in one part of the world to another: United States (1942): less than one tenth inch of rainfall in 48 hours Great Britain (1936): fifteen consecutive days with daily precipitation totals of less than one hundredth of an inch Libya (1964): when annual rainfall is less than 7 inches India (1960): actual seasonal rainfall is deficient by more than twice the mean deviation Bali (1964): a period of six days without rain. (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998) Under any circumstances, meteorological measurements are the first indicators of drought. Agricultural Drought Agricultural drought, usually triggered by meteorological and hydrological droughts, occurs when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate during the crop growing season causing extreme crop stress and wilting. Plant water demand depends on prevailing weather conditions, biological characteristics of the specific plant, its stage of growth and the physical and biological properties of the soil. Agriculture is usually the first economic sector to be affected by drought (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998). Hydrological Drought Hydrological drought refers to deficiencies in surface and subsurface water supplies. It is measured as stream flow, and as lake, reservoir and ground water levels. There is a time lag between lack of rain and less water in streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, so hydrological measurements are not the earliest indicators of drought. When precipitation is reduced or deficient over an extended period of time, this shortage will be reflected in declining surface and subsurface water levels (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998). Socioeconomic Drought Socioeconomic drought is what happens when physical water shortage starts to affect people, individually and collectively. Or, in more abstract terms, most socioeconomic definitions of drought associate it with the supply and demand of an economic good (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998). Drought in India Drought gas a serious problem for India, and it has affected many part of the country intermittently. Certain regions of the country identified to be drought-prone. Increased climate variability has made rainfall pattern more inconsistent and unpredictable in the country increasing the recurrence of drought or drought like situation. A deficiency of rainfall causes depletion of both surface and ground water levels and adversely affects agricultural operations. In India, around 68% of the country is prone to drought in varying degrees. Of the entire area, 35% of the area, which receives rainfall between 750 mm and 1,125 mm, is considered drought-prone, while another 33%, which receives less than 750 mm of rainfall, is called chronically drought-prone. A further classification of Indias regions into arid (19.6%), semi-arid (37%), and sub-humid areas (21%) has been dealing with geographical spread of drought (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). In India, the occurrence and conditions of drought are influenced by a number of factors. Rainfall and cropping patterns are different across many geographical regions. It is not just the deficiency of the rainfall, but also the uneven distribution of rainfall across the season, duration of rainfall deficiency and its impact on different regions of the country that characterize drought conditions. Even though India receives abundant rain as a whole, disparity in its distribution over different parts of the country is so great that some parts suffer from perennial dryness. In other parts, however the rainfall is so excessive that only a small fraction can be utilized. Around 33% of the cropped area in the country receives less than 750 mm rain annually making such areas as hotspots of drought. Impacts of Drought Drought produces wide ranging impacts that span many sectors of the country. Drought has both direct and indirect impacts. One of the sectors where the direct impact of drought felt is agriculture. With the increased intensity or extended duration of drought prevalence, a significant fall in food production is noticed. The drought not only affects the food production at the farm level but also the national economy and the overall food security as well. Other direct impacts includes: depleted water levels, deficit in ground water recharge, land degradation, and damage to wildlife and fish habits. When direct impacts have multiplier effects through the economy and society, they are referred to as indirect impacts. These include a reduction in agricultural production that may result in reduced income for farmers and agribusiness, increased prices for food and timber, unemployment, reduced purchasing capacity and demand for consumption, default on agricultural loans, rural unrest, and re duction in agricultural employment leading to migration and drought relief programmes. The impacts of drought are classified as economic, environmental, and social. Economic Impacts Economic impacts refer to production losses in agriculture and related sectors, especially forestry and fisheries, because these sectors rely on surface and subsurface water supplies. It causes a loss of income and purchasing power, particularly among farmers and rural population dependent on agriculture. All industries dependent upon the primary sector for their raw materials would suffer losses due to reduced supply or increased prices. Drought thus has a multiplier effect throughout the economy, which has a dampening impact on employment, flow of credit and tax collections. If the drought is countrywide, macroeconomic indicators at the national level are adversely impacted. (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009) Environmental impacts Environmental impacts, such as lower water levels in reservoirs, lakes and ponds as well as reduced flows from springs and streams would reduce the availability of feed and drinking water and adversely affect fish and wildlife habitat. It may also cause loss of forest cover, migration of wildlife and their greater mortality due to increased contact with agricultural producers as animals seek food from farms and producers are less tolerant of the intrusion. A prolonged drought may also result in increased stress among endangered species and cause loss of biodiversity. Reduced stream flow and loss of wetlands may cause changes in the levels of salinity. Increased groundwater depletion, land subsidence, and reduced recharge may damage aquifers and adversely affect the quality of water (e.g., salt concentration, increased water temperature, acidity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity). The degradation of landscape quality, including increased soil erosion, may lead to a more permanent loss of biological productivity of the landscape (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). Social impacts Social impacts arise from lack of income causing out migration of the population from the drought-affected areas. People in India seek to cope with drought in several ways which affect their sense of well-being: they withdraw their children from schools, postpone daughters marriages, and sell their assets such as land or cattle. In addition to economic hardships, it causes a loss of social status and dignity, which people find hard to accept. Inadequate food intake may lead to malnutrition, and in some extreme cases, cause starvation. Access and use of scarce water resources generate situations of conflict, which could be socially very disruptive. Inequities in the distribution of drought impacts and relief may exacerbate these social tensions further. (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009) Drought in Kerala Drought in Palakkad The Palakkad district of Kerala State is the land of paddy fields and palmyrahs. It is considered as one of the rice bowls of the State.

Morality and Politics Essay -- History, Philosophy, Plato, St. Augusti

Morality and politics have always been closely linked; even in present day politics, morality often has a part to play. Morality within politics has always been a controversial and highly debated topic by many leading political thinkers. There have been many key thinkers on the subject; however, Plato and Augustine have both an interesting and highly debated view on the argument of whether politics should be focused on morality. Both Plato and Augustine had differing views on the ideas of politics and the role that morality plays within this. These two political thinkers were around in very different times and this is reflected in their views of morality and politics. Plato was born in 429BC and came from a distinguished Athenian family, heavily involved in Athenian Politics. As a pupil of Socrates it was inevitable that Plato would be influenced by Socrates and inspired to go into politics. At the time that Plato wrote, Greece was beset by instability and Plato’s focus was to stabilise the â€Å"Polis†, meaning ‘city-state’ and mainly involving Athens and Sparta, which results in an interesting view on morality and politics. Augustine was born in 354AD, in a Rome dominated culture, and had strong Christian beliefs, which heavily influenced his views on morality and politics. This essay will examine both Plato’s and St. Augustine’s view of morality and politics, and whether or not politics should be focused on morality, before coming to a reasoned judgement. Both Plato and Augustine examine whether or not politics should be focused on morality, however, their approach to study and the outcome of their thought leads to very different results. The theory behind these two political thinkers is complex and will therefore need to be examin... ...this Augustine attempts to keep morality and politics separate, however, a closer look reveals that Augustine attempts to remain apolitical due to the immorality surrounding politics, this immediately makes politics focused on politics, even if it is the immorality in politics. Politics should, therefore, be focused on morality. Morality has had an important role to play in the explanation and justification of many political events over the years. It is almost impossible to separate politics from morality therefore a focus of politics on morality can only serve to enhance the understanding of various political systems. Politics has been focused on morality from the era that Plato was writing through to Augustine and even in the present day, it was and remains to be important for politics to be focused on morality; therefore politics should be focused on morality.